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Molecular Human Reproduction, Vol. 5, No. 11, 1017-1026, November 1999
© 1999 European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology


Regulation of sperm function

Regulation of human sperm capacitation by a cholesterol efflux-stimulated signal transduction pathway leading to protein kinase A-mediated up-regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Joseph E. Osheroff1,3, Pablo E. Visconti1, Juan Pablo Valenzuela1, Alexander J. Travis1, Juan Alvarez2 and Gregory S. Kopf1,4

1 Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Room 1315, Biomedical Research Building II, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6142, and 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6080, USA

Abstract

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an important intracellular event accompanying the in-vitro capacitation of mouse, bovine and human spermatozoa. Here, we demonstrate that bovine serum albumin (BSA) and NaHCO3 are required for protein tyrosine phosphorylation in ejaculated human spermatozoa. The absence of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in media minus these two constituents could be recovered by addition to the media of cAMP analogues and/or phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Since BSA is postulated to modulate capacitation by removal of cholesterol from the sperm plasma membrane, we determined whether cholesterol release leads to changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Incubation of spermatozoa in media containing BSA resulted in the release of significant amounts of cholesterol when compared with media devoid of BSA. Preloading BSA with cholesterol-SO4 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as capacitation, and this inhibitory effect was overcome by the addition of dibutyryl cAMP plus isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). The functional significance of BSA-mediated cholesterol release, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation was confirmed by examining the effects of the cholesterol-binding heptasaccharides, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin or OH-propyl-ß-cyclodextrin. Both cyclodextrins caused cholesterol efflux from the spermatozoa, increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and stimulated capacitation. Therefore, cholesterol release is associated with the activation of a signal transduction pathway involving protein kinase A and tyrosine kinase second messenger systems, and resulting in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation.

cAMP/cholesterol/cyclodextrins/human sperm capacitation/protein tyrosine phosphorylation

Notes

3 Current address: Center for Reproductive Endocrinology, 95 Mount Kemble Avenue, Thebaud Building, 2nd Floor, Morristown, NJ 07922, USA

4 To whom correspondence should be addressed


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